Thermodynamics Introduction (Class Notes past times S.K. Mondal)

Thermodynamics Introduction (Class Notes) yesteryear S.K. Mondal

Microscopic thermodynamics or statistical thermodynamics
Macroscopic thermodynamics or classical thermodynamics
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 quasi-static procedure is too called a reversible procedure

Intensive in addition to Extensive properties

Intensive property: Whose value is independent of the size or extent i.e. volume of the system. e.g., pressure level p in addition to temperature T. Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. volume of the organisation (upper instance letters every bit the symbols). e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If volume is increased, the value of extensive belongings too increases. e.g., book V, internal release energy U, enthalpy H, entropy S, etc. Specific property: It is a particular instance of an intensive property. It is the value of an extensive belongings per unit of measurement volume of system. (Lower instance letters every bit symbols) e.g: specific volume, density (v, ρ).

Concept of Continuum

The concept of continuum is a form of idealization of the continuous description of thing where the properties of the thing are considered every bit continuous functions of infinite variables. Although whatsoever thing is composed of several molecules, the concept of continuum assumes a continuous distribution of volume inside the thing or organisation amongst no empty space, instead of the actual conglomeration of dissever molecules. Describing a fluid period of time quantitatively makes it necessary to assume that period of time variables (pressure, velocity etc.) in addition to fluid properties vary continuously from 1 yell for to another. Mathematical descriptions of period of time on this dry soil convey proved to last reliable in addition to handling of fluid medium every bit a continuum has firmly give-up the ghost established. For instance density at a yell for is unremarkably defined as

Here +∀ is the book of the fluid chemical component in addition to one thousand is the mass.
If +∀ is really large ρ is affected yesteryear the in-homogeneities inwards the fluid medium. Considering to a greater extent than or less other extreme if +∀ is really small, random crusade of atoms (or molecules) would alter their divulge at unlike times. In the continuum approximation yell for density is defined at the smallest magnitude of+∀ , earlier statistical fluctuations give-up the ghost significant. This is called continuum throttle in addition to is denoted by+∀C .